Geopolitical Explanation of Power Relations (Case Study: Iran and Iraq)

This study examines the influence of geopolitical factors on the relations between Iran and Iraq as two neighboring countries. It seeks to analyze the multi-layered, dynamic, and variable nature of these relations across the spectrum of cooperation, competition, and conflict. Utilizing qualitative methods, data were collected via questionnaires and converted into quantitative data using the Likert scale. The findings indicate that the relations between the two countries are rooted more in stable geographical, identity-related, security, and energy structures than in the short-term decisions of governments. Over the past five decades, Iran-Iraq relations have shifted at times toward extensive cooperation (especially after 2003) and at other times toward intense conflict (such as the eight-year war). Influential factors include territorial position, strategic depth, competition for regional influence, shared energy resources, religious identities, and the presence of extra-regional powers. Economic, pilgrimage, and cultural ties have also played a significant role in fostering periods of cooperation. The conclusion suggests that understanding Iran-Iraq relations is only possible within the framework of an integrated model that simultaneously analyzes security, economic, identity, and geographical dimensions.