بررسی ارتباط نابرابری‌های فضایی و ناپایداری توسعه در ایران

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان
1 استاد گروه توسعۀ اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی توسعۀ اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
امروزه وجود نابرابری‌های فضایی و فاصله‌های درآمدی و سرمایه‌ای میان نواحی مختلف جامعه، به‌عنوان یکی از موانع مهم توسعۀ پایدار به‌حساب می‌آید. نابرابری‌های میان مناطق کم‌برخوردار (مرزی یا غیرمرزی) و مناطق برخوردار از توسعه، و شکاف‌های شهری ‌ـ ‌روستایی، مهم‌ترین مصداق نابرابری‌های فضایی و منطقه‌ای هستند. این مقاله با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، بر مبنای تحلیل ثانویۀ داده‌های موجود، میزان یکپارچگی یا شکاف مناطق شهری و روستایی ایران را برحسب چهار متغیر مکان‌های استقرار جمعیت، بخش‌های عمدۀ اقتصادی و تولیدی، میزان و توزیع فقر، و شکاف درآمدی و هزینه‌ای در چهار دهۀ اخیر مورد مطالعه قرار داده ‌است. ارزیابی عملکرد نظام برنامه‌ریزی فضایی در کشور نشان می‌دهد این نظام با نوعی رویکرد بخشی و غیرآمایشی، با تأکید بر دو محور «تمرکزگرایی» و «شهرگرایی»، بر نابرابری‌ و فاصلۀ میان مناطق پیرامونی و مناطق مرکزی کشور از یک سو و مناطق شهری و روستایی از سوی دیگر افزوده ‌‌است. طی چهار دهۀ اخیر، نوعی شهرنشینی روزافزون، بی‌رویه و گاهی ناموزون به ‌ضرر پایداری و تعادل جمعیت در مناطق شهری کوچک و مناطق روستایی اتفاق افتاده که لزوماً با ظرفیت‌های منطقه‌ای متناسب نبوده ‌‌است. شهرهای بزرگ جاذب جمعیت کار، نوعی زندگی توأم با فقر را در بخش‌های حاشیه‌ای و روستایی ایجاد کرده ‌‌است. در طی این سال‌ها، با وجود کاهش معنادار فقر مطلق در جامعه، همچنان بار فقر بر دوش روستاییان، آن‌هم بیشتر در مناطق کم‌برخوردار سنگینی می‌کند. شاخص‌های درآمد و هزینه نیز به نفع شهرنشینان بوده‌‌ است. به‌طور‌ کلی داده‌های کلان در کشور نشان می‌دهد هرجا پیوندهای شهری‌ ـ ‌روستایی برقرار و تقویت شده، نابرابری‌های منطقه‌ای و شهری ـ‌ روستایی کاهش یافته ‌است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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