تبیین رویکردهای غالب در جغرافیای انتخابات

نوع مقاله : مقالات علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی،
چکیده
مقدمه: جغرافیای انتخابات به‌عنوان یکی از پویاترین و دیرپاترین گرایش‌های جغرافیای سیاسی، بیش از دیگر گرایش‌ها با افت‌وخیز همراه بوده است. هستی‌شناسی عینی پدیده رای و توزیع فضایی آرا، این گرایش را در پیوند با رویکرد فضایی قرار داده، به‌گونه‌ای که درصد بالایی از آثار موجود در گستره جغرافیای انتخابات براساس چنین دیدگاهی نوشته‌ شده‌اند. با افت دیدگاه اثبات‌گرایی، آثار جغرافیای انتخابات نیز رو به کاستی نهادند. چیرگی پژوهش‌های توصیفی، مصداقی و کاربردی فاقد بنیان نظری و فلسفی محکم بر نوشته‌های بنیادی و نظری، بزرگ‌ترین کاستی امروزین جغرافیای انتخابات در سطح بین‌الملل و نیز در ایران است. هدف پژوهش حاضر که از نوع تحقیقات بنیادی نظری است، تبیین رویکردهای غالب نظری در جغرافیای انتخابات بود.

نتیجه‌گیری: جغرافیای انتخابات را می‌توان در قالب پنج رویکرد نظری واکاوی کرد. رویکرد نخست، رویکرد سنتی است که در قالب مکتب ناحیه‌ای و روابط انسان- محیط به واکاوی الگوهای فضایی رای‌دهی می‌پردازد. رویکرد دوم، رویکرد فضایی- رفتاری است که بر پایه مکتب فضایی به بررسی رفتار رای‌دهی براساس اندازه‌گیری و تحلیل متغیرهای فضایی کلیدی می‌پردازد. رویکرد سوم، رویکرد رادیکال است که براساس مکتب جغرافیای رادیکال به مفصل‌بندی نظری و آشکارکردن مکانیزم‌هایی می‌پردازد که به فرآیندهای انتخاباتی شکل می‌دهند. رویکرد چهارم، رویکرد مکان‌محور است که براساس مکتب جغرافیای انسان‌گرا و نظریه ساختاربندی به بررسی تاثیر متن و زمینه جغرافیایی- تاریخی بر رفتار انتخاباتی می‌پردازد و رویکرد پنجم، رویکرد انتقادی است که براساس مکاتبی مانند فمینیسم، پساساختارگرایی و پست‌مدرنیسم به نقد رویکردهای موجود به مطالعه جغرافیای انتخابات و ارایه خوانش‌های جایگزین از جغرافیای انتخابات می‌پردازند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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