---

 
Abstract
Aims: Today, due to a large change in economic, political, and other relations, the spatial structure of cities, especially metropolises, is subject to rapid changes. Regarding the influence of structural components, especially the component of politics (power), on space, on
one hand, and the existence of oil revenues and structural features of Iran on the other hand, consideration of the spatial transformations of metropolises is necessary in terms of politics and power. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises in the context of Iranian oil economy.
Instruments and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, the required data, information, and concepts related to the indices explaining the spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises were collected directly with access to some information sources, including the Central Bank site and the Statistical Center. In the theoretical foundation, the most part of the study was done in library. Pearson correlation coefficient and Simultaneous regression test were used to determine the relationship between oil revenues of the country and building approval certificates issued by the municipality of Tehran and Tabriz.
Findings: The oil revenues had a direct correlation with the number of building approval certificates issued in Tabriz (r=0.5663; p=0.0025) and Tehran (r=0.7440; p=0.0005). The oil revenues could explain 56.63% of the building approval certificates issued in Tabriz and 74.44% of the building approval certificates issued in Tehran.
Conclusion: Production, spatial transformations, and construction activities in Tehran and Tabriz metropolises are directly affected by oil revenues.
 

---

Abstract
Aims: By 1404, Tehran will be a knowledge-based, smart, and global city. Having the proper infrastructure and consequently a metropolis with national and global functions with a modern economy are its other features. The global experience of metropolises management shows that optimal urban management requires comprehensive attention to the city's economic, social, and environmental structures, and this has been measured in recent decades, globally, by the urban competitiveness index. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the urban competitiveness and Tehran’s status among the metropolises of Iran.
Instruments and Methods: The present study is an applied and survey research that was conducted in 2011. Eleven variables were selected as economic indices of urban competitiveness such as unemployment rate, economic participation rate, etc., by the library method and from three official sources of the country: statistical yearbooks of the provinces, results of census of industrial workshops with 10 employees and more, published by the Statistical Center of Iran and statistics of Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare. Standardized score and numerical taxonomy were used.
Findings: Tehran metropolis ranked first in terms of urban competitiveness index and economic aspect. Tehran was the first metropolis of Iran with a score of 3.13 in terms of the urban competitiveness index in standardized score method and 0.72 in numerical taxonomy.
Conclusion: Although Tehran does not have a good status in terms of the urban competitiveness index compared to other metropolises in the world, it ranked first in this index among Iranian metropolises.
 

---

Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, Tehran is the most important challenge of political management of space in Iran due to the accumulation of problems in natural and human dimensions. The most important dimensions of this challenge are population density and the lack of coordinated management to overcome this problem and its consequences. Since one cannot consider Tehran separated from far and near hinterland, the first issue is the lack of spatial/geographical justice in these hinterlands. Tehran's problems can be analyzed in three levels: physical-residential, regional, and national. This descriptive-analytical research was carried out based on library resources with the aim of analyzing spatial justice in Iran and organizing political space in Tehran.
Conclusion: The lack of spatial planning and sustainable development approach on the national, regional, and local scale in the Iranian planning system has, above all, resulted in intense centralization, institutionalized, and has led to the formation of the center of the periphery pattern in the country. The performance of development programs, before and after the revolution, has led to the imbalance of the governing pattern of the spatial structure of the country. Also, the spatial/geographical injustice in the country and consequently in Tehran province, as well as the lack of integrated management in Tehran's urban management have caused Tehran's current problems. In order to solve the problems of Tehran and its optimal administration, it should be planned based on the available resources with the fair spatial planning approach to space and in the framework of the spatial planning strategy, using the space justice in three short, medium, and long periods, in order to provide the optimal administration of Tehran.
 

---

Abstract
Aims: Metropolises play a vital role in the continuity of human life, the future of human society, and the determination of the future direction. Finding an appropriate pattern for the development of these areas can help to develop sustainable national development and reduce instabilities. The expansion of the scope in the immediate area of the periphery to pyhsical forms, change in land use and roles are of the functions of metropolises. The metropolitan areas are formed through the expansion of the peripheral realm and the spatial-functional integration of immediate areas in the core space of metropolis. The key to organizing Tehran is on its suborb. The linkage of margine and core in metropolitan areas can form opportunities and threats for the core and its periphery. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the role of urban periphery in organizing Tehran metropolis with emphasis on new cities.
Conclusion: The methods of organizing Tehran in the spatial, functional, and identity reconstruction of Tehran, in the metropolitan area and regional planning approach, are to engage urban periphery communities in the process of incorporation and integration. An integrated approach to the metropolitan area and analysis of roles and currents within the framework of a single spatial system, the establishment of an integrated management syastem in the metropolitan area and the strengthening of spatial cells and nodes in the form of new cities are required for organizing the political, social, cultural, and economic space of Tehran. Preventing the process of marginalization of the urban periphery area, reconstruction of urban periphery areas, rehabilitation and enhancement of social life in the metropolitan area by creating hierarchies of functional-spatial, social, and economic identity in the urban periphery area, the strategy of replacing new cities and revising their experiences are the key for growth and balanced development of metropolis of Tehran as the capital on its margin.
 

---

Aims: Nowadays, referred to as clean industry, tourism is one of the important issues that cannot be ignored due to its huge impact on economy of societies. In order to develop tourism areas, such areas should first be identified. The aim of this study was to present an optimal spatial development pattern of tourism areas in Tehran province, using TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method.

Instruments and Methods: The present study is applied developmental in terms of aim and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The research population consisted of 30 scholars, experts, tourism planners, and experts of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization. The data were collected from library and organizational studies and field surveys, such as questionnaires, interviews, and observations. In 2016, the TOPSIS method was utilized and 10 indices in Tehran province were used in order to group the areas. ArcGIS10.2 was used for clustering.

Findings: For the spatial development of tourism industry, Tehran province was divided into 3 clusters, in which the eastern and northern parts of the province were assigned to cluster 1, the western, central, and southeastern parts of the province were assigned to cluster 2, and southwestern parts of the province were assigned to cluster 3.

Conclusion: In ordre to present an optimal spatial development pattern of tourism areas in Tehran province using the TOPSIS method, 3 clusters of Tehran province are divided into cluster 1 (Eastern and northern parts), cluster 2 (western, central, and southeastern parts), and cluster 3 (southwestern parts).

---

Introduction: In the modern society, the floating population has daily travels between the place of residence and the place of work or education and travels through towns and villages every day at a given time. With the expansion of Tehran metropolis, floating population was introduced as one of the city's problems. The population of Tehran, during the day, is one or several million more than the population of the city at night. For the first time, a question was asked in the Population and Housing Census in 2007, and the place of work and education of individuals were asked. In the 2012 census, two separate questions, for the place of work and education, were designed to evaluate the floating population. Using the library resources and documentary research, the present descriptive-analytical study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of population flotation on the population gap at day and night in Tehran metropolis in the census performed in 2012.
Conclusion: In 2012, Tehran metropolis accounted for about 72% of the urban population of the province and one-fifth of the floating population of the country. A total of 78% come from other provinces to Tehran metropolis due to work and 22% come for eduacation and most of the floating population is a young population. The reason for going to Tehran is education for most of the young women and work for most of the men, which is affected by socio-cultural characteristics of the society. The most important reason for the daily flow of the population toward Tehran is the lower cost of living and the lack of employment and education facilities in dormitory cities, which shows the exacerbation of the inequality in the imbalanced development of Tehran metropolis with other parts of the country, including the surrounding satellite cities.

---

The quality of urban spaces and the presence of residents are some of the primary issues of current urbanism, as the dominance of vehicles has diminished the commuting opportunity for different social groups and the liveliness of urban spaces. This is especially true for urban spaces where once acted as children’s playground and now have turned into vehicle routes, pushing their former function to the sides. In the dense landscape of district 10, with its insufficient open urban spaces, this issue is even more pronounced, doubling the need for creating urban spaces accommodating children. Tactical urbanism is a general term describing such urban interventions regarding different qualities (e.g. the scale of the project, provisional measures for reusing the unused potentials of cities, providing privileges and support, unofficial actions within legal bounds, or attention to and revitalizing abandoned spaces) and has been further extended in specific academic fields such as traffic engineering

---

Cultural activities can play a key role in communication between people in a city and help the identification of the space and people through the social memories’ creation. Nowadays, performing rites in Iran as an access to identification and displaying of our culture and tradition, lost their past values and it is necessary to pay attention to them and their magnificent role in the improvement of the urban spaces. In this research, the area around the grand bazaar in Tehran in the center of the city where thousands of people go for everyday shopping and has traditional places like Golestan palace which attracts many tourists every year, has been selected as a study case. Bazaar has always been the significant cultural-social pivot in the center of the cities and every year many social activities such as religious rites like Ta’zieh and Moharam mourning are held in this place. In this research, with the use of analytical-defined method and historical documents in order to reach more information about concepts and after the study of different cases in other parts of the world, the analysis of this case study has been done and in the end, the essential measures have been suggested for the improvement of this place for holding the social rites which emphasize that it is possible to provide the bilateral communication between public urban spaces and these events. 

---

---

Aims: In cities, limit is used to meet the needs of the city as a tool to restrict unauthorized construction, and limit is a good place to set up different and annoying industries that cannot function in cities. The aim of this study was to present a strategic analysis of the status of political management system of the limit of urban area of Tehran.
Instruments and Methods: The current applied documentary-analytical research was carried out in Tehran, using a strategic approach. In order to collect the data, library and survey studies were used and to evaluate in-system and out-system terms, the combined model, Analytic Hierarchy Process- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (AHP-SOWT) was used. Therefore, a list of effective variables was prepared and, then, by means of a survey of experts, each of the variables was weighted and internal and external factors and strategies were obtained.
Findings: The total final scores for implementation of integrated management of limit of Tehran metropolis were 3.48 for external factors and 3.6 for internal factors, and acceptable strategies for integrated management of limit of Tehran were aggressive strategy.
Conclusion: The most important aggressive strategies include preparing the Hadi project for villages without project, compiling a comprehensive plan for the effective participation of organizations and stakeholders, identifying and locating appropriate spaces for the deployment of activities that are consistent with the limit of the city, seriously monitoring the reduction of pollution, planning, designing and creating urban green infrastructure, creating an atmosphere for effective participation of citizens, holding national, and international congresses and tours for identifying limit.
 

---

Introduction: During the history, political organization of Iranian space from the Achaemenes to the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty has been faced with many ups and downs in terms of administrative centralization in the capital and different levels of delegation to local authorities. In the modern governing era of the first Pahlavi, the centralized administrative structure created new problems for service delivery to the public, which could be attributed to bureaucracy and discrimination in peripheral areas due to maladministration. The society is also suffering from the consequences of a centralized administrative structure, and many executives and elites seek to establish local and decentralized structures in the form of local government, local regime, and autonomous regions or municipalities. Despite the constitution's stipulation for the existence of local structures and the establishment of Islamic councils of the city and villages in Iran, the community still has not benefited from the positive outcomes of decentralized structures. The aim of this study was to reform the local and decentralized administrative structure in Iran, especially to find the priority of these reforms in the organization of Islamic councils of city in two parts of the reform in the structure of urban management or content reform and its legal mechanisms. This research has a descriptive-analytical nature and the findings of the research have been studied by a library method to study the evolution of the formation of local structure of the Islamic councils of the city and villages.
Conclusion: Finally, the analysis and selection of the priority of the local structure reform was investigated; by examining a set of studies, structural-physical factors are introduced as the most challenging factor and priority of the experts to address the existing system defects.

---

Applying social capital to refurbish urban streets has meant recognizing opportunities and challenges and shaping processes to its sequences over time. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a strategic framework for applying the potentials and values ​​of social capital in environmental improvement and responsible maintenance and social control of street-related sequences. The main question is that how to transform the role of today's street as an element of neighborhood segregation into a linking element of discrete neighborhoods so as to become a showcase for cultural and social interactions. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical which is in three phases: explaining the relevant conceptual framework for entering the research context, applying it to the research context, analyzing and discussing the objective and subjective findings, Qualitative data analysis is done. The measurement tool is a semi-structured questionnaire, using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics performed by SPSS software were used to evaluate criteria and answer research questions. The research context is Imam Khomeini Street and the neighborhoods adjacent to this street. The sample size was 378 using Cochran formula. Indicators used in this study are invitations, neighborhood personality expression on the street edge, transparency and depth to the street edge, and a sense of belonging and responsible environmental behaviors. The results indicate that the items related to the design of the entrances and the continuation of recreational and tourism activities on the edge and the inner texture of the neighborhoods are of greater importance for identifying street sequences.

---

considering the benefits of "sense of place for the individual and society, the growth of the aging process in Iran, the importance of their presence in urban spaces as social equity and the impact of the environment on the level of performance and their sense of place, it is important to consider  environmental preferences of this population group. The aim of this research is to improve the relationship between the place and elderly and identifying the effective factors on the formation of sense of place in them. This study is in the context of qualitative methodology and content analysis. The data has been collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview technique and the sample size was determined by the theoretical saturation of the participants.
The research case is Tehran Railway Square; This square is one of the key gates of the Iranian capital. The collected data is encoded in 19 identifiers, 5 concepts and 3 categories. Categories including communicating with people, space efficiency, and space identity. Major concepts include the space-user community, space management, space facilities, space coherence, and space history. The results of this study also indicated that the view of the elderly is not limited to the form of the space, the space-users also affect their sense of place. Thus, the proposed model of this research can be a guide for urban designers and planners to have a positive effect on the sense of place of this population group according to the extracted identities.

---

Like other people with disabilities are entitled to the comfort of roads, streets, offices and banks in this regard with the problem and hinder traffic and do not. Failure to comply with appropriate legislation and remove architectural barriers at the level of problems for people with disabilities, veterans, people with disabilities, the elderly and .... Buildup. The purpose of this study was to create flexible urban streets and in accordance with the wishes and needs of the disabled. Cochran method is used. And randomly assigned 384 people with disabilities and 164 officials were evaluated. To collect data, a questionnaire was used. And data analysis, was done with SPSS software. The findings showed that in Region 2 and 10 of Tehran has been partially consistent with the standards. And if the implementation rules and regulations tailored to the needs of the disabled community, the movement of other people will improve.  In the current situation for lower share of the disabled population of the total population in the census; Lack of sufficient financial resources of municipalities, And a lack of understanding of the necessity of implementing rules and regulations tailored to the needs of the disabled community by the relevant authorities is the most important reasons the lack of compliance passages tailored to the needs of persons with disabilities.

---

Natural Resources are a life source and very valuable which have left for humanity to cherish. Irresponsible use of these resources can lead to Irreversible effects on the environment and life. Hereon, the soil is one of the valuable elements that taking care of it, is essential for durability like other elements. The soil of our planet is a result of millions of years of geological evolutions. Soil resources are irreversible and Excessive consuming of them Cause to loss of natural resources. Hence, soil conservation is very important and necessary. One of the most influential parameters on the quality of soil resources is in the field of architecture and construction. In this article we will discuss about brick, a most popular component made of soil which is used for building. Also the effects of using brick on the land quality and soil resources of Tehran have been discussed as well as environmental aspects. In this study, Tehran as the capital city of the Islamic Republic of Iran is chosen as case study in which more than eight million people reside in its metropolitan area. It is assumed that results from the analysis of soil resource challenges in Tehran could also be applicable to other large cities in developing countries. Even though using the brick is important to Iranian architecture it can also destroy the equilibrium of the environment because of the Excessive consumption of soil. The questions of this research are: 1. which damages can be followed by the use of brick in the construction industry? 2. Which advantages and Opportunities is caused by uses of bricks? To answer the research questions, the case study research method with combination strategies has been adopted. The technique used for collecting data is field survey, in which the quantitative data is chosen. The information and theoretical literature is based on studies, which is collected by the library method and Interview from Bricks manufacturers. Processing data is accomplished by graphs and illative methods.Our Research shows that environmental aspects of brick’s products in Tehran is very serious. In addition, industrial wastes without proper management, building waste and irregular construction especially in border of cities, has brought considerable risks for the environment of Tehran. While the using brick accurately, reduce damages on environment and natural resources in three period of time: manufacturing, consuming and post consuming. One of the most usable strategies to control environmental issues, is recycling and reusing of materials that the brick has high capacity in this context. Thereupon it can be appropriate opportunity for environment.

---

Today, the population of cities along with their socio-economic issues has created a new form of city and urbanization. Tehran province has seen the most changes in the city and urbanization due to the establishment of the capital, the metropolis of Tehran. The question is what are the consequences of urban demographic changes in Tehran province? Therefore, this study tries to investigate the consequences of demographic changes in Tehran province on its urban network during the years 1355-1395. The research method is descriptive and analytical and its type is inferential. The data were extracted by library method and analyzed using regional planning models such as city rank-size and prime city index, entropy and prime city coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. The results show that the increase in urban population in Tehran province is due to the dispersal of the metropolis of Tehran and the concentration of urban population in the western part of the province is higher than other aspects of communication. Although medium-sized cities have partially repaired the spatial rupture in the province's urban network, according to the rank-size model, the distance between the metropolis of Tehran and other cities in the province is still very large and there is no balance in the province's urban network. Meanwhile, the urban population is not uniformly but in a cluster around the metropolis of Tehran and in the next order of medium-sized cities.

---

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational procrastination and cognitive arousal and burnout.  Method: This research is descriptive–correlation and the required data are obtained by using three questionnaire about organizational procrastination, dissonance arousal reduction and burnout scales on a sample of 100 individuals in Tehran governmental employees who are randomly chosen. Results: The results of correlation coefficient show that organizational procrastination is positively and significantly associated with cognitive arousal (p ≤ 0.01, r=0.402) and burnout (p ≤ 0.01, r=0.432). However, the correlation coefficient between burn-out and cognitive arousal (p ≥ 0.05, r= 0.191) is not significant. The results of the analysis prove a direct relationship between organizational procrastination and burn-out and cognitive arousal does not play a mediation role. Finally, the model is verified. Conclusion: The organizational procrastination level has influence on burnout level among Tehran governmental employees. Hence, some interventions to reduce organizational procrastination are recommended to decrease the burn-out.   Keywords: Organizational Procrastination, Cognitive Arousal, Burnout, Tehran Governmental Employees

---

---

Education and Training were of great importance in Iran since ancient times. It was further developed along with Islam uprising. Education centers were also flourished at the same time. The process of the religious sciences schools initiated in Saljuqid era formally when the Nezamies were established. They continued their survival more or less until Qajar era, So that we find most of mosque-schools in Tehran as the time capital of the country that is why we believe that the study of such buildings from the view points of the architecture and the related decorations is a must. The greatest and the most important mosque-schools of the Qajar era in Tehran is the old Sepahsalar. It has experienced the least changes in more recent times; so it is an original sample of the mosque-schools. In this paper we attempt to study and consider the architecture and decorations characteristics of this building. Therefore, we evaluate its history, general map, spatial and functional elements and decorative methods applied in this mosque-school through a descriptive-analytical approach.

---

Aims: The historical context of cities plays a significant role in understanding the complexities and structure of a city, which can lead to the recognition and perception of people. Traditional bazaars are also considered as the most important historical element of cities, despite the studies that provide a model for measuring and evaluating spatial perception in the context of the bazaar, this research is investigated the perceptions of the traditional bazaar of Tehran by applying space layout indicators and cognitive maps.
Methods: In this research, a combined method was used, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data and their analysis. In this regard, first, the map of Tehran bazaar has been compared and analyzed in the space layout software, and the axial map indicators have been compared and analyzed with sketches drawn by the statistical community, including businesses, buyers or passers-by.
Findings: The theory of space arrangement alone cannot clarify the various objective and subjective dimensions of the environment for us, because this theory only deals with the objective dimensions of the observer, therefore, to understand the cognitive characteristics of the space which is affected by the type and manner of people's perception, There is a need to use cognitive maps based on the presence of people and focus on users (here, Tehran's Grand Bazaar) who know and experience the environment.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that multiple objective and subjective factors together and sometimes with prioritization over each other are effective in determining the correct wayfinding of the space.