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Introduction: As one of the oldest and the most dynamic branches of political geography, Electoral geography has experienced ups and downs more than other branches of political geography. The objective ontology of the phenomenon of vote and its spatial distribution have linked this branch to spatial approach so that a large proportion of works in the area of Electoral geography have been written based on this approach. With the fall of positivism, the researches of Electoral geography also decreased. On the other hand, domination of descriptive, case, and applied studies without a robust theoretical and philosophical basis on theoretical and basic writings, is the main deficiency of Electoral geography in International and Iranian level. The aim of the present theoretical-fundamental study was to explain the dominant theoretical approaches in Electoral geography.
Conclusion: The Electoral geography can be explored in five theoretical approaches. The first approach is the traditional approach that deals with the spatial patterns of voting in the form of a regional school and human-environment relations. The second one is a spatial-behavioral approach that examines the voting behavior according to the measurement and analysis of key spatial variables based on the spatial school. The third approach is a radical approach that base on radical geography school deals with the theoretical articulation and revealing mechanisms that form Electoral processes. The fourth approach is a location-based approach that focuses on the impact of geographic-historical context on electoral behavior on the basis of the humanistic geography school and structuration theory. And, the fifth approach is a critical approach that criticizes the current approaches to the study of electoral geography and the presesentation of alternative readerships of electoral geography based on schools such as feminism, post-structuralism, and post-modernism.

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The pattern in the last few decades, especially in countries and regions located in the desert of the earth are considered, as a reflection of climate change. A situation that threatens security, stability and development in many areas due to reduced rainfall and water scarcity. Iran has also been strongly influenced by these events and changes in its attitude towards its geographical position during the last decade and half. Southeastern Iran with center (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) which has been a region with low rainfall, daring several periods of time due to climate to the point that it has become one of the migrating provinces of the country. An event that has itself given rise to emerging security issues and challenges, especially in border areas
The present article is based on the hypothesis that the decrease in rainfall and threat of water resources has led to the emigration of the province. The methodology of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the required data and information are collected through the meteorological organization and the national statistics center and then using standard rainfall (SPI) and normal rainfall (PNPI) percentage investigate and analyze the spatial distribution of drought (period, 1996-2011) and its impact on the migration of residents of the strategic area. The results show that the occurrence of severe or very severe droughts in a region has negative reflections on the livelihood of residents in the region, which with the attitude of the people of the province to dependence on limited water resources and traditional agriculture and the lack of land management policies and hydro-political relations between Iran and Afghanistan have led to an increase in the crisis in the east of the country, and the people of this province have inevitably migrated to neighboring provinces and other parts of the country to provide better living conditions.

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Iraq's geographical location is such that many seasonal and permanent rivers of the surrounding countries flow into it. Iraq itself lacks sufficient sustainable water resources to meet its development and infrastructure needs. Hence, the future of Iraq's security and development depends on the hydropolitical approach of the surrounding countries. Over the past decade and a half, Iran has controlled the outflow of water from the western borders of the country as part of a plan to organize and develop water and soil resources in the west of the country, which has reflected on the volume of water entering Iraq have been. The present article is of a practical nature, the methodology of descriptive- analytical text and data- based theory method is used and the required input is used by the library method and the use of data-based theory is based on the hypothesis that hydropolitics is policy-oriented. Iraqi foreigners will be more reflected in their interaction with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results showed that with regard to the increasing limitation of water resources, increasing water consumption and reducing the inflow of Iranian border rivers to Iraq, which is associated with a threat to part of the country's water and food security, hydropolitics in the form of tension in the direction of Iraq's foreign policy in dealing with the Islamic Republic of Iran will be more reflected.

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An analysis of the state of Iran's water resources shows that hydro-political challenges have shifted from the national scale to the sub-national scale (at the catchment level) and the conflict of interests of users has led to a contradiction in the approach of agents, especially in times of drought. Meanwhile, Karkheh catchment in Khuzestan feeds by Kashkan river in Lorestan province. On the other hand, climate change and Kashkan floods have often been associated with losses. The basic agricultural livelihood of Delfan city and the prevention of floods have made the construction of Gaushmar dam on Kashkan inevitable. The construction of this dam has reduced the volume of water entering the downstream cities of the dam and the Karkheh catchment in Khuzestan, especially during dry seasons. The construction of this dam has led to the conflict of interests of the actors and the emergence of hydro-political challenges on a subsidence scale. The present article is applied and the methodology of the text is explanatory-analytic. The data and information required for the research were collected by library and field methods (interview). The result of the research showed that with the construction of Gaushmar Dam, hydro-political relations within the province (Lorestan) and extra-provincial relations between Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces have been brought hydro-political tension. The adaptation of these conflict of interests eventually led to a reduction in the height of the dam and the volume of water stored behind the dam due to the authorities’ policies.

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Introduction
The Islamic parliament election, as the mid-level of elections in the Country, have always been the focus of experts and the public minds. It is worth noting that the presence of people to participate in elections and the extent of their participation varies from constituency to constituency and from one period to another. This difference in participation has led to the emergence of different constituencies, according to this, the electoral behavior of people in different constituencies toward each other can be examined.
The data of this article show that the electoral behavior of people in Arak, Komijan and Khondab constituencies has not been influenced by local factors. The present study is based on the theory that the political orientation of the elected president and the large scale-National currents affect the electoral behavior of Arak, Komijan and Khondab constituencies.
Methodology
The data which is required for this study is collected by the Library-method and analyzed by Descriptive-Analytical method. The result of the research shows that political parties which are affected by the large scale-National currents will influence the outcome of the election and the political tendency of the chosen Parliament members in constituencies of Arak, Komijan and Khondab.
Result and discussion
 From the third to eleventh term of the Islamic parliament, 18 people entered the parliament, of which 7 were reformists and 11 others were from the United Front of Fundamentalists and Conservatives. In other words, 38.9% of the representatives were reformists and 61.1% were conservatives. It is considerable that in these 9 elections, none of the elected representatives was independent, each of them was a member of the two prominent parties in the country. This statistic indicates that ethnic and local factors have not had an effect on the electoral behavior of the people in this constituency.
Conclusion
It is considerable that in these 9 elections, none of the elected representatives was independent, each of them was a member of the two prominent parties in the country. Generally, this study states that the political orientation of the elected president and the large scale-National currents affect the electoral behavior of the mentioned constituencies. The next point is that the impact of the metropolis of Arak as the center of the province on the other two cities in this area is significant and the other two have not nominated a candidate for the parliament due to the small population or have not been able to enter the Islamic Parliament. Another important point is that the parties have been able to return the spatial pattern of voting by eliminating the local identity factor in their favor. Factors such as political and economic development, literacy level, common language and religion of the people of the metropolis of Arak have caused their electoral behavior to be influenced by national factors instead of ethnic attitudes and local factors. On the other hand, the strategic location of the metropolis of Arak due to its location on the expressway from the North to the South of the Country and the existence of many access roads has caused this city to become an economic and cultural center and this factor brings opinion and orientation of people of Arak closer to the people of the capital. Finally, the article hypothesis is confirmed.

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Aims: Bioproduction methods of nanoparticles are preferrabale to chemical and physical methods because of low energy and time expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological preparation of silver nanoparticles, using Artemisia sieberi.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the extract of Artemisia sieberihas was used to produce silver nanoparticles by a simple, non-toxic, and low-cost method. Formation of silver nanoparticles was established despite the presence of an absorption peak at 490nm, using spectrophotometer. The size and shape of silver nanoparticles were shown using scanning electron microscopy. Precise size and change range of nanoparticles were measured by Particle Size Analysis (PSA). FT-IR results also indicated the role of different functional groups in the synthetic process.
Findings: The change in the color of the extract from pale yellow to light brown and absorption peak at about 490nm showed production of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were mainly spherical and their diameter was in the range of 27nm to 65nm, and in some regions, they were stacked or scattered together. The mean size of nanoparticles was 70nm and the dispersion of nanoparticles was in the range of 40nm to 140nm.
Conclusion: The silver nanoparticles derived from the Artemisia are spherical and their mean size is about 70nm. Their dispersion is between 40nm and 140nm.

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Objective: 22q11.2 chromosomal region is a hot spot for many cytogenetic rearrangements especially microdeletions which are responsible for DiGeorge and VeloCardioFacial syndromes. The most characteristic sign in these patients is congenital cardiac conotruncal anomalies. The gold standard diagnostic test for these microdeletions is FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization). However this diagnostic technique has some drawbacks such as high final cost and low sensitivity in smaller and uncommon microdeletions found in this region. The aim of this study was to introduce a less expensive and a priori more sensitive molecular method to help small and peripheral laboratories to find genetic causes of congenital heart diseases and DiGeorge syndrome. Materials and Methods: 10 patients with congenital conotruncal anomalies and symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome were included in this study. These patients had been analyzed by FISH probe TUPLE1 before the inclusion. 3 normal persons were included as normal controls for microdeletion region. Semi Quantitative Multiplex PCRs were designed based on known markers in and out of the region of intrest. Results were analyzed by TotalLab software. Results: 4 patients showed a decrease in gene dosage more than 60% compared to normal persons. FISH analysis found only one patient with microdeletion. Conclusion: The designed method based on semi quantitative PCR was able to find 4 patients (40%) with microdeletion in a population of 10 patients with congenital cardiac anomalies. This technique was also able to find microdeletions in three FISH negative patients. Molecular diagnosis of microdeletions is supposed to be more sensitive than FISH in small microdeletions. This study confirms the presence of atypical deletions in Iranian patients and shows that the applied technique can detect some FISH negative patients. However further studies are needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the mentioned molecular diagnosis. It seems that this can be used at least for the patients with typical phenotypic features of 22q11DS and negative FISH results.

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In this paper, a novel four-variable refined theory of plate, called RPT, has been proposed for free vibration of composite laminated plates, using a hyperbolic sine function, for calculating out-of-plane shear strains. It is one of the properties of this theory that the boundary condition of zero shear stress is satisfied over upper layer and under lower layer of plate, with no reference to Timoshenko shape factor. In contrast to other higher-order shear deformation theories, in RPT theory, equations of motion are coupled dynamically only in inertial terms, while elastic energy terms are not coupled for the variables used. From this viewpoint, RPT theory is similar to classical plate theory (CLPT). Some of the objectives of this paper are the investigation of effect of influential parameters on fundamental frequency, such as modulus ratio, angle of plies, and plate length-to-thickness ratio. The results of this proposed version of RPT are compared and validated with those of first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT), and the original version of RPT.

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Objective: Allogeneic transplantation with umbilical cord blood (UCB) in adult recipients is limited mainly by a low CD34+ cell dose. To overcome this shortcoming, human placenta as a novel source of human mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC)- unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC)- was incorporated in an attempt to expand CD34+ cells from UCB. To provide a similar environment in vitro, we coated DBM scaffold with USSC cells as the matrix for support UCB-CD34+ cells growth. Materials and Methods: Human placenta USSC was isolated and characterized by morphologic and immunophenotypical analysis. UCB CD34+ cells were expanded by coculture with placental USSC in 2D and 3D environment. Suitable aliquots of cells were used to monitor cell production, clonogenic activity, and long-term culture-initiating culture (LTC-IC) output. Results: Ex vivo expansion of UCB hematopoietic cells, when cultured in different 2D conditions and 3D condition for 3 weeks, was significantly enhanced, the total cell count increased within the 28-day period. For total CFC, the highest CFC expansion was observed at day 14. Flow cytometry analysis of the percentage of CD34+ cells showed a decline in USSC cocultures in 2D and 3D condition at 3 weeks. Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that human USSC may be a suitable feeder layer for expansion of hematopoietic progenitors from UCB in vitro and USSC- coated DBM can therefore provide an ex vivo mimicry of bone marrow by enhancing of surface/ volume ratio and feeder layers,recapitulate the desired niche, and provide a suitable environment for stem cell expansion and differentiation.

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Objective: Average Age of population in the industrial countries has increased. Because of aging the percent of the diseases related to the oldness such as multiple myeloma have also increased. It has both common and unique symptoms and effects. The unique effects include wide bone reabsorption. It seems necessary to understand the structure of Bone Marrow Niche and the effects of Myeloma cells on adjacent hematopoietic Stem cells with a new approach. Materials and Methods: We have studied the differentiating effect induced by the Myeloma cells through co-culturing the Myeloma cells and hematopoietic stem cells, extracted out of cord blood. In this investigation we also cocultured myeloma cells with the monoblastic cell line (U937) in order to evaluate the effect of myeloma cells on monoblastic cells differentiation. Results: Our findings show that increased expression of myeloid and monocytoid markers in coculturing of myeloma cells and HSCs. Moreover following monoblastic and myeloid cells coculturing, we observed probably TRAP positive osteoclastic like cells. Conclusion: Our findings show that presence of myeloma cells in Bone Marrow play essential role in HSCs differentiation to monocytoid (osteoclastic) lineage.

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Objective: In this study quantitative expression of MDR1 and hOCT1 genes in CML patients and normal people were measured using Real-Time PCR. Materials and Methods: To study quantitative expression of these genes by real-time PCR, master-mix with syber green was used. Peripheral blood samples from 30 CML patients and 27 normal persons were harvested. Real-time PCR results were analyzed with relative quantification method. Result: This study showed that in the patients group who were under treatment with Imatib, MDR1 gene expression was increased which was statistically significant. This increase has a direct relation with disease progress. Gene expression in AP and BP patients was also higher than CP patients. In contrast, hOCT1 expression in patients group in comparison with normal group was not statistically significant. Conclusion: MDR1 increase in leukemic cell membrane results in the reduction of intra-cellular drug concentration. Thus, optimal concentration of drug for inhibition of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase is not achieved which culminated in disease progression to AP and BP phases. Moreover changes in hOCT1 gene expression as an influx transporter of Imatib could affect intracellular concentration of drug and finally determine therapy outcome. However, in this study hOCT1 gene expression was variable and was not statistically significant.

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Objective: Zoledronic acid as a main treatment for osteoporosis has an important role in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, mechanism of osteoblastic differentiation induction by zoledronic acid is not well understood until now. In this research we evaluate zoledronic acid effect on methylation status of RUNX2 and DLX5 promoters. Materials and Methods: After isolation and expansion of hMSCs from BM, they were pulse treated with 5μM ZA for 3h, and incubated in osteogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks. DNA was extracted after first, second and third weeks of culture and also from undifferentiated MSCs. After SBS treatment, gene specific methylation analysis for RUNX2 and DLX5 were carried out by MSP using methylated and unmethylated primers. Results: In the genes RUNX2 and DLX5, M and U primers of MSP amplified promoter regions of undifferentiated and osteoblastic differentiated MSCs. Therefore, methylation status in RUNX2 and DLX5 promoters present incomplete methylation. Conclusion: Methyltion patterns of RUNX2 and DLX5 don’t change during zoledronic acid osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. Our findings show that zoledronic acid does not induce osteoblastic differentiation via epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, zoledronic acid can induce osteoblastic differentiation in a manner independent from DNA epigenetic changes.

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Objectives: The study of erythropoiesis needs to develop the methods for erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) culture using stem cell potency to differentiate into variety of hematopoietic cells lineages. In this study, we induced differentiation of cord blood stem cells into erythroid progenitor cells in a semisolid culture media. Materials and Methods: Cord blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured in liquid culture media consist of erythroid differentiation factors (phase I). Non-adherent cells were cultured in semisolid media containing SCF, IL-3, IL-6 and EPO (phase II). After one week, the appeared erythroid colonies were picked up. Characterization of differentiated cells was performed by assessment of CD235a and CD36 using flowcytometry, giemsa cytological staining and gene expression analysis of GATA-1, EKLF, α-globin genes by RT-PCR. Results: Flowcytometry analysis to detect CD235a and CD36 positive cells showed that 94.3% and 95.5% of differentiated cells have erythroid specific cell markers, respectively. Morphology of the cells in giemsa stained slides demonstrated erythroid progenitor cells, ranged from proerythroblast to orthochromatic erythroblast. The RT-PCR results, confirmed the precursor state of erythroid differentiated cells by expression of GATA-1, EKLF, α-globin genes. Conclusions: Cord blood stem cells have high potency to differentiate into erythroid progenitor cells using described method that can be utilized in the experimental studies.

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This paper presents a fast and efficient aerodynamic optimization method for megawatt class wind turbines. For this purpose WP_Baseline 1.5 MW wind turbine is used as a test case. Modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used in this study. PSO parameteric studies are conducted, to increase both efficiency and speed of optimization cycle. Since in aerodynamic optimization, it is very desirable to limit the number of the variables, in this study geometric 'class function/shape function' transformation technique (CST) is used for blade geometry parameterization and the appropriate order of shape function polynomial is proposed for S818, S825 and S826 airfoils. Improved Blade Element Momentum (IBEM) theory is implemented for wind turbine power output estimation, validated with experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) data of AOC wind turbine. The aerodynamic data needed for IBEM is provided by XFoil software. XFoil output data for pressure coefficient and wall shear stress which are validated against experimental and CFD data, are applied as the aerodynamic input data for IBEM method.
The twist, the chord and 3 types of airfoil for all sections of the turbine blade are optimized using IBEM method. Optimization is performed with realistic constraints to produce feasible geometry. The performance of the final optimized geometry is simulated via 3D steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations coupled with Transition SST Model CFD simulation to predict the performance improvement. The results show about 4 percent power enhancement for WP_Baseline wind turbine.

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Icing is a common issue in blowers, wind turbines and flying vehicles. This phenomenon has a great impact on reducing aerodynamic performance, increasing noise pollution and imposing extra load on the structure. In this article, the effect of icing on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of the Naka-0012 airfoil has been studied. Transient and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations have been used for aerodynamic prediction. Sound wave is calculated using Fox-Williams and Hawkins equations. Simulation of eddies has been done using LES method and WALE subgrid scale model. First, all calculation methods have been validated using experimental data. Then the effect of icing on airfoil performance has been studied. Flow vortices have been studied and sound production mechanisms corresponding to these vortices have been identified. The results show that icing reduces the lift force by 9.7% and increases the drag force by 3.8 times. In the range of maximum human hearing sensitivity (one to five kHz), the average amount of sound increase is around 9 dB, which is a significant amount in terms of noise pollution. The increase in sound caused by icing can be used to identify and deal with this phenomenon faster and reduce its risks.

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This study examines the accuracy of three different methods for calculating the aerodynamic noise of the NACA-0012 airfoil in a homogeneous shear flow. The strength of flow vortices is crucial in aeroacoustic calculations, and it can be modeled more cost-effectively using the k-ω SST method or directly simulated up to 90% using large eddy simulation (LES) with higher cost. Additionally, a hybrid method called IDDES, which offers moderate accuracy and cost, is also considered in this research. The primary sources of noise generation identified are vortex shedding from the laminar boundary layer and its interference with the trailing edge, as well as Tollmien-Schlichting waves. Experimental data of the sound pressure level (SPL) in 1/3 octave is used to validate the accuracy of the methods. The results indicate that LES and IDDES show the closest agreement with the experimental data, with LES showing better accuracy. Furthermore, when studying the intensity of sound attenuation with distance, it is observed that the rapid attenuation of small vortices in LES leads to similar SPLs as IDDES after a distance of 1.2 meters. Moreover, since IDDES does not require strict regulations for creating a near-wall grid, it reduces the computing mesh by approximately 41% with less than 2 dB of error. This finding suggests that in similar applications, the IDDES method can be used as a suitable approximation instead of LES to expedite calculations and conduct parametric studies

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A cardiac infarction is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although the common treatments, including medication and various grafts, are unable to return the patients to their normal life, a cardiac patch is a promising technique in the field of tissue engineering that can stimulate the natural regeneration process of the diseased tissue via a scaffold with appropriate mechanical properties, biocompatibility and electrical conductivity. In this study, the composite scaffolds based on alginate (ALG) were fabricated through freeze-drying and coated with different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) to make ALG/xGO (x=0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 wt. %) scaffolds. The scaffolds were characterized in terms of morphology, physicochemical structure, tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and cell response and gene expression. The presence of GO provided interconnected pores in the composite scaffolds. Adding GO up to 0.1 wt.% significantly enhanced Young’s modulus up to 5.5 MPa and electrical conductivity up to 8.59 S.m^-1 (p≤0.05). Additionally, GO improved the vitality of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) compared to the scaffold without GO.  Investigating cell attachment of L929 fibroblasts indicated that the optimal content of GO at 0.05 wt.% can provide better places for cellular nesting due to the appropriate size of pores for cell/material interactions. The increase in the amount of GO up to 0.1 wt.% lead to a significant increase in gene expression of VEGFR-2 compared to the other scaffolds and tissue culture plate. We found that the prepared ALG/0.1GO composite scaffold could be appropriate for further experiments on cardiac tissue engineering applications.
 

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The social and political consequences of environmental degradation have placed the environment at the center of debated in the 21^st century. In such a way that ecological insecurity and the destruction of biosphere resources as part of non-traditional threats have been firmly linked with the search for human security. The city of Torbat Jam has been encountering with environmental issues for the past few decades. This article explains the possible scenarios for the environment of this city. The methodology governing the research is descriptive-analytical in nature. The required inputs have been collected by library and field studies and analyzed using Micmac and Scenario Wizard software and FARAS model. The results showed that out of 16 possible situations related to four scenarios with strong compatibility, the situations that express the future relations of the environment of Torbat Jam negatively (on the verge of crisis) are the most possible ones. On this basis, the sustainable management strategy of current and future environmental resource allocation in the situation on the verge of crisis and the strategy of adjusting the current laws and views towards the environment and environmental foundations at the country level and in accordance with it at the level of the city of Torbat Jam in the critical situation, the most appropriate strategies were identified.